I. Introduction

A. Brief overview of South Africa’s apartheid-era : South Africa’s apartheid era was a period of institutionalized racial segregation that began after the National Party came to power in 1948. The apartheid regime imposed a system of racial classification and discrimination that separated white South Africans from black South Africans, with the latter being treated as second-class citizens. Apartheid policies were enacted across all aspects of life, including education, healthcare, housing, and employment, among others. The apartheid era also saw significant opposition from both domestic and international communities, who called for an end to the system of institutionalized racism. Continue reading →

I. Introduction
Norway’s Pension Fund Global (NPG) is the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world, with assets worth over $1 trillion. The fund was established in 1990 to provide a sustainable source of income for future generations of Norwegians. The fund’s size and investment strategy have made it a major player in the global financial markets, and its success has significant implications for the Norwegian economy. This case study examines the history and current investment strategy of the fund and discusses the challenges and opportunities it faces in the future. Continue reading →

I. Introduction
The retail industry has undergone significant changes in recent years, particularly with the rise of e-commerce and the decline of traditional brick-and-mortar stores. Malls, once a symbol of American consumerism, have also experienced a decline in popularity and profitability. This case study explores the history of malls, the factors contributing to their decline, and the adaptations that malls have made in order to remain relevant. Additionally, this case study examines the challenges and opportunities for the future of malls. Continue reading →

Introduction: Football is one of the most popular sports in the world. With a huge following and a global appeal, football has become a multi-billion dollar industry. The English Premier League is one of the most popular football leagues in the world, attracting fans from all over the globe. Manchester United, also known as the Red Devils, is one of the most successful clubs in the English Premier League. This case study explores the success of Manchester United and how it became one of the most valuable football clubs in the world. Continue reading →