The Government’s financial benefits paid by a specific industry for the benefit of business are unknown as the farm subsidies. These subsidies reduce the farmer’s risk from harsh weather, bad commodities and demand disruptions. These subsidies only help the large producers. There were 10 crops grown in the US, and the Government subsidized only 5 of them. States like Texas and Washington received these subsidies (Williams, 2020). US lands are one of the world’s best geographical reasons for growing rice and corn as it has very rich soil and a lot of rainfall, and there are many rivers available for irrigation purposes. Farm subsidies do not help poor farmers. They act as a regressive tax because they only help high-income corporations, and most of the money goes to large agribusiness corporations.

The different forms of globalization have deeply transformed agricultural production. The export-driven production of agriculture is increasing so are the agricultural commodities. The rise in export-oriented production of crops has been stimulated in all the countries around the entire world. Countries are dependent on direct foreign investment based on agriculture, and it helps exporting countries (Roberts, 2021). It also helps maintain and improve the food supply in all these countries. The comparative advantage supply has a benefit point to the international supply chain and the problems related to it. The supply chain is limited, and it does not negatively impact a process known as monocropping. Harmful crops such as tobacco are grown and imported to other countries to gain more profit, but this has a very harmful effect on other human health.

Food and Agriculture

The 2 leading preventable risk factors of eating unhealthy food products and tobacco are respiratory diseases and diseases like leukemia. However, in the last few years, an uneven decline in tobacco consumption has been seen, and it has also started to show the impacts of the consumption on unhealthy foods. Therefore, we need to reduce the demand for such measures to decrease their supply.

Tabacoo is an important commodity of agriculture grown in many countries, and this agricultural production has a lot of policy domains. Production is controlled when the demand remains high for a long period and when it is reduced, the production leads to an increase in the commodity’s price. Tobacco production remains high even if it has a high mordibility rate globally. Governments came up with different ideas to support tobacco farmers’ livelihoods, but this has not reduced the tobacco supply (Simonsen et al., 2017). Comprehensive interventions are required to manage the complex political economy of tobacco products so that the needs of farmers can be addressed. Full substitution is provided for the tobacco farmers. Still, it will not be a realistic goal as many countries are encouraging tobacco farmers to grow tobacco to increase their GDP. The massive shifts can be seen in the food production industry because of the high rise in agricultural technologies, refrigeration, and systems related to good transportation facilities. The export-driven crop production business has gained a lot of homogenization of crop production. High nutrient crops such as wheat rice help maintain both undernutrition and obesity. The rates of global hunger have been reduced by shifting to meet the nutritional needs of the entire population. There are many support policies related to agriculture implemented by the 56 countries, including all the Asian Africans and the countries of the European Union. These countries provided an average of 550 billion USD dollars per year to support their farmers from 2014 to 2020. Policies that kept the domestic prices were supported mainly. These policies harmed the consumers, and poor people were affected by it. The total amount of subsidies that were provided to the poor farmers was depressing even when there has been a lot of gain in productivity in the last few years and initiators that were taken to improve the environmental performance in the different sectors the overall growth of the policy has still not been changed. The greenhouse gas emissions have also been increased and are causing a threat to nature. Governments can still take several actions in their policies that can make their agricultural sector more sustainable and productive.

• The active distortive policies should take out the price support should be provided as well as the budgetary support should be provided to the farmers that are closely linked with the production of agriculture and their inputs
• Funds that are towards the public services should be relocated so that they can improve the sustainability and productivity of the public outputs
• The focus should be made on the environmental changes because global warming remains the same; the earth will be destroyed one day.

Agricultural policies in America

In 1995 USA was confronted with the new model of the green revolution, and genetically modified crops were introduced. The revolution helped control the inputs, and the whole chain of agro-industrial activities was managed. In 1998, Columbia, represented by the regulatory body known as CTN, represented the Columbian association of seed producers (Twase et al., 2022). The Columbian agricultural research corporation was promoted, and many companies benefited from it.

Agricultural policies of Africa

The current policy of Africa shows that there have been many strategies that have been adopted, introducing poverty by achieving higher agricultural policies and products.

The Government takes policy measures.

The Government took many policies to reduce the impact of high food prices. The 8 emerging countries have made policies that help decrease the higher food prices so that the food is available to all the people. The import tariffs have also been reduced on food products, and the next move taken by the Government is that the export barriers are also removed. The Government released the common response of stocks of the grains in the domestic market so that the supply was insured and the price pressure was reduced (Rezaei et al., 2019). Retail price controls have been introduced in countries like China, Ukraine, and Japan. These countries have also changed their biofuel policies to maintain equilibrium between the food securities.

Food policy Events

Many food policy events and actions were held in 2011 an entire world. The agricultural industry was neglected for so many years, but agriculture and food security were back on track with development after this event. Many political agendas were made for the successful implementation and distribution (Rispin, 2019). The countries of Asia and Africa adopted national agricultural investment plans. Proposed a lot of policies in which it promised to increase the annual commitments in the agriculture sector and provide lawns to the country so that their agricultural resource can be increased and they can also get a global partnership for sustainable development.

Various policies that were started -:

• On January 28, the World Economic Forum that was based on agriculture led a policy in which a new vision for agriculture was presented at the World Economic Forum in Switzerland, and it further promoted the solutions that were related to sustainable agriculture and its growth in the market
• On January 29, the policy named China’s number one document pause proposed, and it focused on water conservation and infrastructure of water because China had to face droughts and floods for the last 10 years
• From February 10 to 12th, the health conference was held. The focus was kept on leveraging agriculture to provide proper nutrition and health to children and adults. This event was held in New Delhi, India.
• On 24th may African and Indian forum summit was held in which the Africa India forum decided to enhance their partnership and work on the framework to reinforce the cooperation between all the African and Indian states.
• The G- 20 agriculture ministers meeting was held on June 22 and it was the first-ever meeting of the ministers held in Paris (Palmer, 2021). A proposal was made in which the violation of food prices was reduced as well as food security was strengthened
• On July one, Russia lifted its ban on grains because the wildfires destroyed the annual harvest in Russia
• UN declared Somalia on July 20, and it also announced that the drought in East Africa has led to famine in other parts of Africa also
• On October 7 Asian rice reserve event was held in which the 3 ministers endorsed the establishment of the scheme named the rice emergency reserve
• On October 31, the food and nutrition security event was held in Africa in which the talks were made that were related to investing in African and Indian trade.

A continent-wide policy has to be made for every country to be safeguarded. The pressure on agricultural authorities should be a lesson so that by 2050 the entire population gets the proper nutritional food (Hickel, 2019). Significant changes have been made in the agricultural policies made by Mexico, Canada and the United States in the last past few years. The donors provided significant aid to agriculture in Africa for the successful running of the Asian state’s green revolution model.

Pests and diseases

There has been an alarming increase in outbreaks of diseases related to plants. These diseases jeopardize food security and cause a lot of bad environmental and social impacts. The risk of serious outbreaks has increased the risk in people and plants across international borders. As a result, the production in animal systems has also become very intensive and has to be done very carefully.

Intensification of some bad plant pests and diseases spread to the larger areas in global warming. Recently a coffee leaf rust epidemic was seen in the central part of America and occurred in other countries also. The banana plant leaf virus was seen, and it is very harmful to all tropical plants and is also linked to the mobility of insect vectors in major countries (Phung et al., 2018). The developing strategies helped in improving the resilience and in the adaptation of the climate change policies. Also, they proved to be important in the perspectives of both pest control and the crops.

Conflict is one of the reasons that lead to food security, and it also reduces the availability of food and disrupts access to healthcare; when the Cold War and there was a dramatic decline in food levels. The global population increased, and the violent conflicts also increased between 1995 and 2005. The main conflict occurs between ethnic and religious groups because of discrimination and poor governance. Countries that have high levels of hunger are the ones that are involved in conflicts (Dearborn, 2019). The range of resources is often not assessed by the vulnerable people, and the Food and Agriculture production is also rendered.

Disasters often have a bad and devastating impact on food security, and it also increases the impact of other long-lasting disasters. Therefore, the people’s immediate needs have to be addressed so that the insecurity of people do not find themselves forced into other desperate measures in which their health and dignity suffer.

Investment in agriculture can prove to be one of the most effective ways of increasing economic growth, and it will also help decrease the poverty rate. It is very important to increase food production so that the growing demands of people are met. By addressing climate change, the necessary improvements can be made in the incomes of rural people.

The extent of food borne pathogens lack in. sum and is one of the increasing factors contributing to the outbreak of food borne diseases. Unsafe drinking water leads to poor production and the appropriate use of agricultural chemicals (Powell et al., 2017). Bacteria, viruses and some parasites cause food borne diseases, and the usage of chemicals and toxins causes some diseases. These diseases can be peanut allergies or different kinds of allergies to or skin and entire body. The food borne pathogens weaken the immune system, and they also are very vulnerable to the group of infants and young children. People who already are suffering from autoimmune diseases become more prone to these diseases and can develop physical and mental disorders.

Animal husbandry is used as a low-income option to maximize production, leading to the prevalence of different pathogens. Food bond diseases are slowly increasing and are causing harm to economic development. There are many low-income countries where the excise on food export is blocked, and people’s meat is not kept in mind (Craig et al., 2018). The income of small shareholder producers is decreased, and it also impacts their capacity to buy diversified seeds and grow nutritious food. On the other hand, urbanization’s reshaping of the rural landscape has proved to be good. Agricultural jobs have been created more, and poverty has been declining in the medium-sized urban centers where agriculture production has started, and new methods are being adopted. In middle-income or low-income countries, young people are more educated than the generations in the past.

The young people of these countries have represented the opportunity for growth and development. However, the nonfarm rural household businesses are neglected by the government policies, and no efforts are being made to convert them into medium enterprises. This sector can generate more jobs at a faster rate (Boazar et al., 2020). If we need to increase youth employment, the new mechanisms should be. Provided so that the essential services are improved, and the technological knowledge and skill training can provide to all the people in the group government should start with the loan associations and mortgages and leasing services so that the contract farming can be done and people can indulge more into agriculture.

Since there has been a growth in women’s employment in agriculture services, many Latin American countries have gained many economic benefits. Food production is changing along with other channels, such as the retail channel (Auerswald et al., 2018). The increase in the food supply in urban areas is one of the main points of concern. In 2014 the processed food distributed through supermarkets was increased significantly in the upper-middle class from 50% to 70%. The smallholder summers are benefited from the food systems that are in vertical coordination of value chains and give a fair proportion of profit to both the traders and the processors.

 

 

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